Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects
Identifieur interne : 002D63 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 002D62; suivant : 002D64Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects
Auteurs : J. Valls-Solé ; F. Valldeoriola ; E. Tolosa ; F. NobbeSource :
- Brain Research [ 0006-8993 ] ; 1996.
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- KwdEn :
Abstract
The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9
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Valldeoriola</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolosa, E" sort="Tolosa, E" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="E" last="Tolosa">E. Tolosa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nobbe, F" sort="Nobbe, F" uniqKey="Nobbe F" first="F" last="Nobbe">F. 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Valls-Solé</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valldeoriola, F" sort="Valldeoriola, F" uniqKey="Valldeoriola F" first="F" last="Valldeoriola">F. Valldeoriola</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolosa, E" sort="Tolosa, E" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="E" last="Tolosa">E. 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Nobbe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Brain Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">BRES</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-8993</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1996">1996</date><biblScope unit="volume">751</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="155">155</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="159">159</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0006-8993</idno></series><idno type="istex">24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-8993(97)00027-9</idno><idno type="ArticleID">27208</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0006-8993</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Attention</term><term>Electromyography</term><term>Experimental set</term><term>Habituation</term><term>Reaction time</term><term>Reticulo-spinal pathway</term><term>Startle</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J Valls-Solé</name><affiliations><json:string>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F Valldeoriola</name><affiliations><json:string>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E Tolosa</name><affiliations><json:string>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F Nobbe</name><affiliations><json:string>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Startle</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Attention</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Experimental set</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Reaction time</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Reticulo-spinal pathway</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Habituation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Electromyography</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>27208</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.078</score><pdfVersion>1.1</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 763 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>7</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1751</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>3078</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>18667</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>5</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>275</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</title><pii><json:string>S0006-8993(97)00027-9</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>751</volume><pii><json:string>S0006-8993(00)X0104-7</json:string></pii><pages><last>159</last><first>155</first></pages><issn><json:string>0006-8993</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Brain Research</title><publicationDate>1997</publicationDate></host><publicationDate>1996</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1997</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9</json:string></doi><id>24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>1997</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Section title: Short communication</note><note type="content">Fig. 1: Mean and one standard deviation of the peak amplitude of the 5 consecutive responses recorded in orbicularis oculi (OOc), masseter (MAS), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles at each experimental condition, expressed in percentage of the amplitude of the first response in every muscle. *=significantly different percentage of habituation with respect to the other conditions; ##=significantly larger responses with respect to the corresponding columns of all other conditions in the same muscle.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Latency and amplitude of the responses to the first startling stimulus delivered for each experimental condition</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</title><author><persName><forename type="first">J</forename><surname>Valls-Solé</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Fax: +34 (3) 2275454.</p></note><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">F</forename><surname>Valldeoriola</surname></persName><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">E</forename><surname>Tolosa</surname></persName><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">F</forename><surname>Nobbe</surname></persName><note type="biography">Supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bonn, Germany, and by Area de Neurociencias de la Fundacio Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</note><affiliation>Supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bonn, Germany, and by Area de Neurociencias de la Fundacio Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Brain Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">BRES</title><idno type="pISSN">0006-8993</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-8993(00)X0104-7</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1996"></date><biblScope unit="volume">751</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="155">155</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="159">159</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-8993(97)00027-9</idno><idno type="ArticleID">27208</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1997</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Startle</term></item><item><term>Attention</term></item><item><term>Experimental set</term></item><item><term>Reaction time</term></item><item><term>Reticulo-spinal pathway</term></item><item><term>Habituation</term></item><item><term>Electromyography</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1996-12-17">Registration</change><change when="1996">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>BRES</jid><aid>27208</aid><ce:pii>S0006-8993(97)00027-9</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9</ce:doi><ce:copyright year="1997" type="full-transfer">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:dochead><ce:textfn>Short communication</ce:textfn></ce:dochead><ce:title>Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>J</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Valls-Solé</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>F</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Valldeoriola</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>E</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tolosa</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>F</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nobbe</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="FN1"><ce:sup loc="post">1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Fax: +34 (3) 2275454.</ce:text></ce:correspondence><ce:footnote id="FN1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:note-para>Supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bonn, Germany, and by Area de Neurociencias de la Fundacio Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:date-accepted day="17" month="12" year="1996"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract class="author"><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para view="all" id="simple-para.0035">The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Startle</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Attention</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Experimental set</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Reaction time</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Reticulo-spinal pathway</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Habituation</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Electromyography</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Habituation of the auditory startle reaction is reduced during preparation for execution of a motor task in normal human subjects</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Valls-Solé</namePart><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Fax: +34 (3) 2275454.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Valldeoriola</namePart><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Tolosa</namePart><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Nobbe</namePart><affiliation>Unitat d'EMG i Unitat de Parkinson i Moviments Anormals, Servei de Neurologia, Departament de Medecina, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain</affiliation><description>Supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Bonn, Germany, and by Area de Neurociencias de la Fundacio Clinic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1996</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1996-12-17</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1997</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The generalized acoustic startle reaction is a useful but labile phenomenon that undergoes a relatively rapid habituation with repeated stimuli and can be modified by changes in the environmental context. In the present work, we examined the influence of the experimental set on size, latency and habituation rate of auditory startle reactions in 15 normal volunteers. Series of 5 acoustic startling stimuli were applied on each of the following 4 conditions: (1) at rest in a quiet and dull ambience; (2) at rest but engaged in a busy environment; (3) being prepared to execute a reaction time task; and (4) focussing the attention to an impending visual stimulus. We found that the amplitude of the response to the first stimulus was significantly larger in condition 1, and habituation rate was significantly reduced in condition 3, with respect to all other conditions. The enhancement of the startle reaction in a quiet ambience may result from reduction of the sensory inputs from the environment, which would otherwise act as prepulses and cause a certain degree of inhibition. The reduced habituation rate of the startle reaction with preparation for a reaction time task may be due to a transient block of the cortical inhibitory control on inputs from non-expected sensory afferents. A careful description of the experimental conditions with which the startle reactions are tested is required for meaningful comparison of the results from different laboratories. The possibility to reduce habituation of the startle reaction with preparedness for execution of a motor task has important implications with regard to the applicability of the startle reaction on research and clinical practice. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</abstract><note type="content">Section title: Short communication</note><note type="content">Fig. 1: Mean and one standard deviation of the peak amplitude of the 5 consecutive responses recorded in orbicularis oculi (OOc), masseter (MAS), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles at each experimental condition, expressed in percentage of the amplitude of the first response in every muscle. *=significantly different percentage of habituation with respect to the other conditions; ##=significantly larger responses with respect to the corresponding columns of all other conditions in the same muscle.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Latency and amplitude of the responses to the first startling stimulus delivered for each experimental condition</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Startle</topic><topic>Attention</topic><topic>Experimental set</topic><topic>Reaction time</topic><topic>Reticulo-spinal pathway</topic><topic>Habituation</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Brain Research</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>BRES</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">19970314</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0006-8993</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0006-8993(00)X0104-7</identifier><part><date>19970314</date><detail type="volume"><number>751</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>180</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>155</start><end>159</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">24BFF8BB2C51DB7A511A54988B19764BF7701EF4</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00027-9</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0006-8993(97)00027-9</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">27208</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 1997Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©1997</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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